We use mathematical models to compare information transmission among the architectures for a realistic range of concentration and parameter values. We find that natural circuit architecture maximizes information transmission in both cases. We began by studying kinetically well characterized phosphorelays (Spo0 of Bacillus subtilis and Sln1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Here we asked what biological design principles, if any, could explain selection among those architectures in nature. Five different circuit architectures account for 99% of all phosphorelay operons annotated in over 9,000 fully sequenced genomes. Phosphorelays are signal transduction circuits that sense environmental changes and adjust cellular metabolism. We combine our estimates with the available literature on host immune response and viral mutation rates to demonstrate how antibodies markedly outnumber the spike proteins, and the genetic diversity of virions in an infected host covers all possible single nucleotide substitutions. We estimate that each infected person carries 109 to 1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass in the range of 1 μg to 100 μg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently circulating within human hosts have a collective mass of only 0.1 kg to 10 kg.
Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the typical viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in bodily fluids and host tissues to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. Quantitatively describing the time course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it.
#MILO PLANT SOFTWARE#
We foresee that these improvements will make thermodynamic modelling more accessible and facilitate the integration of eQuilibrator into other software platforms. Moreover, the new interface can compute the covariance matrix of the uncertainty between estimates, for which we show the advantages and describe the application in metabolic modelling. Here, we report on the recent updates to the database as well as the addition of a new Python-based interface to eQuilibrator that adds many new features such as a 100-fold larger compound database, the ability to add novel compounds, improvements in speed and memory use, and correction for Mg2+ ion concentrations. While the website now counts around 1,000 distinct monthly users, its design could not accommodate larger compound databases and it lacked a scalable Application Programming Interface (API) for integration into other tools developed by the systems biology community.
#MILO PLANT FREE#
EQuilibrator (.il) is a database of biochemical equilibrium constants and Gibbs free energies, originally designed as a web-based interface.
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